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Pokemon

(Redirected from Pokemon)
For other uses, see Pokemon (disambiguation).

Pokemon[a] (English: /ˈpoʊkɪˌmɒn, -ki-, -keɪ-/),[1][2][3] also known as Pocket Monsters[b] in Japan, is a media franchise managed by the Pokemon Company, a Japanese company founded and with shares divided between Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures.[4] The franchise copyright and Japanese trademark is shared by all three companies,[5] but Nintendo is the sole owner of the trademark in other countries.[6] The franchise was created by Satoshi Tajiri in 1995,[7] and is centered on fictional creatures called "Pokemon", which humans, known as Pokemon Trainers, catch and train to battle each other for sport. The English slogan for the franchise is "Gotta Catch 'Em All".[8][9] Works within the franchise are set in the Pokemon universe.

Pokemon
International Pokémon logo.svg
Logo of Pokemon for its international releases; Pokemon is short for the original Japanese title of Pocket Monsters
Created bySatoshi Tajiri
Ken Sugimori
Original workPocket Monsters Red and Green (1996)
Owned byNintendo
Creatures
Game Freak
Print publications
Short storiesPokemon Junior
ComicsSee list of Pokemon manga
Films and television
Film(s)See list of Pokemon films
Short film(s)Various Pikachu shorts
Animated seriesPokemon (anime) (1997–present)
Pokemon Chronicles (2006)
Television special(s)Mewtwo Returns (2000)
The Legend of Thunder (2001)
The Mastermind of Mirage Pokemon (2006)
Television film(s)Pokemon Origins (2013)
Theatrical presentations
Musical(s)Pokemon Live! (2000)
Games
TraditionalPokemon Trading Card Game
Pokemon Trading Figure Game
Video game(s)Pokemon video game series
Super Smash Bros.
Audio
Soundtrack(s)Pokemon 2.B.A. Master (1999)
See also list of Pokemon theme songs
Miscellaneous
Theme parkPokepark
Official website

The franchise began as Pokemon Red and Green (later released outside of Japan as Pokemon Red and Blue), a pair of video games for the original Game Boy handheld system that were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo in February 1996. It soon became a media mix franchise adapted into various different media.[10]Pokemon has since gone on to become the highest-grossing media franchise of all time,[11][12][13] with 90 billion dollars in total franchise revenue.[14][15] The original video game series is the second best-selling video game franchise (behind Nintendo's Mario franchise)[16] with more than 346 million copies sold[17] and 1 billion mobile downloads,[18] and it spawned a hit anime television series that has become the most successful video game adaptation[19] with over 20 seasons and 1000 episodes in 169 countries.[17] In addition, the Pokemon franchise includes the world's top-selling toy brand,[20] the top-selling trading card game[21] with over 28.8 billion cards sold,[17] an anime film series, a live-action film, books, manga comics, music, merchandise, and a theme park. The franchise is also represented in other Nintendo media, such as the Super Smash Bros. series.

In November 2005, 4 Kelvinids Entertainment, which had managed the non-game related licensing of Pokemon, announced that it had agreed not to renew the Pokemon representation agreement. The Pokemon Company International oversees all Pokemon licensing outside Asia.[22] In 2006, the franchise celebrated its tenth anniversary.[23] In 2016, the Pokemon Company celebrated Pokemon's 20th anniversary by airing an ad during Super Bowl 50 in January and issuing re-releases of the 1996 Game Boy games Pokemon Red, Green (only in Japan), and Blue, and the 1998 Game Boy Color game Pokemon Yellow for the Nintendo 3DS on February 26, 2016.[24][25] The mobile augmented reality game Pokemon Go was released in July 2016.[26] The first live-action film in the franchise, Pokemon Detective Pikachu, based on the 2018 Nintendo 3DS spinoff game Detective Pikachu, was released in 2019.[11] The most recently released games, Pokemon Sword and Shield, were released worldwide on the Nintendo Switch on November 15, 2019.[27]

Name

The name Pokemon is the portmanteau of the Japanese brand Pocket Monsters.[28] The term "Pokemon", in addition to referring to the Pokemon franchise itself, also collectively refers to the 890 fictional species that have made appearances in Pokemon media as of the release of the eighth generation titles Pokemon Sword and Shield. "Pokemon" is identical in the singular and plural, as is each individual species name; it is grammatically correct to say "one Pokemon" and "many Pokemon", as well as "one Pikachu" and "many Pikachu".[29]

Concept

See also: Gameplay of Pokemon

Pokemon executive director Satoshi Tajiri first thought of Pokemon, albeit with a different concept and name, around 1989, when the Game Boy was released. The concept of the Pokemon universe, in both the video games and the general fictional world of Pokemon, stems from the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime which Tajiri enjoyed as a child.[30] Players are designated as Pokemon Trainers and have three general goals: to complete the regional Pokedex by collecting all of the available Pokemon species found in the fictional region where a game takes place, to complete the national Pokedex by transferring Pokemon from other regions, and to train a team of powerful Pokemon from those they have caught to compete against teams owned by other Trainers so they may eventually win the Pokemon League and become the regional Champion. These themes of collecting, training, and battling are present in almost every version of the Pokemon franchise, including the video games, the anime and manga series, and the Pokemon Trading Card Game.

In most incarnations of the Pokemon universe, a Trainer who encounters a wild Pokemon is able to capture that Pokemon by throwing a specially designed, mass-producible spherical tool called a Poke Ball at it. If the Pokemon is unable to escape the confines of the Poke Ball, it is considered to be under the ownership of that Trainer. Afterwards, it will obey whatever commands it receives from its new Trainer, unless the Trainer demonstrates such a lack of experience that the Pokemon would rather act on its own accord. Trainers can send out any of their Pokemon to wage non-lethal battles against other Pokemon; if the opposing Pokemon is wild, the Trainer can capture that Pokemon with a Poke Ball, increasing their collection of creatures. In Pokemon Go, and in Pokemon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!, wild Pokemon encountered by players can be caught in Poke Balls, but generally cannot be battled. Pokemon already owned by other Trainers cannot be captured, except under special circumstances in certain side games. If a Pokemon fully defeats an opponent in battle so that the opponent is knocked out ("faints"), the winning Pokemon gains experience points and may level up. Beginning with Pokemon X and Y, experience points are also gained from catching Pokemon in Poke Balls. When leveling up, the Pokemon's battling aptitude statistics ("stats", such as "Attack" and "Speed") increase. At certain levels, the Pokemon may also learn new moves, which are techniques used in battle. In addition, many species of Pokemon can undergo a form of metamorphosis and transform into a similar but stronger species of Pokemon, a process called evolution; this process occurs spontaneously under differing circumstances, and is itself a central theme of the series. Some species of Pokemon may undergo a maximum of two evolutionary transformations, while others may undergo only one, and others may not evolve at all. For example, the Pokemon Pichu may evolve into Pikachu, which in turn may evolve into Raichu, following which no further evolutions may occur. Pokemon X and Y introduced the concept of "Mega Evolution," by which certain fully evolved Pokemon may temporarily undergo an additional evolution into a stronger form for the purpose of battling; this evolution is considered a special case, and unlike other evolutionary stages, it is reversible.

In the main series, each game's single-player mode requires the Trainer to raise a team of Pokemon to defeat many non-player character (NPC) Trainers and their Pokemon. Each game lays out a somewhat linear path through a specific region of the Pokemon world for the Trainer to journey through, completing events and battling opponents along the way (including foiling the plans of an 'evil' team of Pokemon Trainers who serve as antagonists to the player). Excluding Pokemon Sun and Moon and Pokemon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, the games feature eight powerful Trainers, referred to as Gym Leaders, that the Trainer must defeat in order to progress. As a reward, the Trainer receives a Gym Badge, and once all eight badges are collected, the Trainer is eligible to challenge the region's Pokemon League, where four talented trainers (referred to collectively as the "Elite Four") challenge the Trainer to four Pokemon battles in succession. If the trainer can overcome this gauntlet, they must challenge the Regional Champion, the master Trainer who had previously defeated the Elite Four. Any Trainer who wins this last battle becomes the new champion.

Video games

Main articles: Pokemon (video game series) and List of Pokemon video games

Generations

Release timeline
1996Red and Green
Blue
1997
1998Yellow
Red and Blue
1999Gold and Silver
2000Crystal
2001
2002Ruby and Sapphire
2003
2004FireRed and LeafGreen
Emerald
2005
2006Diamond and Pearl
2007
2008Platinum
2009HeartGold and SoulSilver
2010Black and White
2011
2012Black 2 and White 2
2013X and Y
2014Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire
2015
2016Sun and Moon
2017Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon
2018Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!
2019Sword and Shield
A rival battle between a Bulbasaur and a Charmander in Pokemon Red and Blue.[31]

All of the licensed Pokemon properties overseen by the Pokemon Company International are divided roughly by generation. These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; every several years, when a sequel to the 1996 role-playing video games Pokemon Red and Green is released that features new Pokemon, characters, and gameplay concepts, that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise. The main Pokemon video games and their spin-offs, the anime, manga, and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokemon properties each time a new generation begins.[32] Some Pokemon from the newer games appear in anime episodes or films months, or even years, before the game they were programmed for came out. The first generation began in Japan with Pokemon Red and Green on the Game Boy. As of 2020, there currently are eight generations of main series video games. The most recent games in the main series, Pokemon Sword and Shield, began the eighth and latest generation and were released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on November 15, 2019.[33][34][35]

List of Pokemon main series video games

Generation I (1996–1999): Game Boy

Generation II (1999–2002): Game Boy Color

Generation III (2002–2006): Game Boy Advance

Generation IV (2006–2010): Nintendo DS

Generation V (2010–2013): Nintendo DS

Generation VI (2013–2016): Nintendo 3DS

Generation VII (2016–2019): Nintendo 3DS & Nintendo Switch

Nintendo 3DS

Nintendo Switch

Generation VIII (2019–present): Nintendo Switch

In other media

Anime series

Main articles: Pokemon (anime) and List of Pokemon episodes

Pokemon, also known as Pokemon the Series to Western audiences since 2013, is an anime television series based on the Pokemon video game series. It was originally broadcast on TV Tokyo in 1997. To date, the anime has produced and aired over 1000 episodes, divided into 7 series in Japan and 22 seasons internationally. It is one of the longest currently running anime series.[38]

The anime follows the quest of the main character, Ash Ketchum (known as Satoshi in Japan), a Pokemon Master in training, as he and a small group of friends travel around the world of Pokemon along with their Pokemon partners.[39]

Various children's books, collectively known as Pokemon Junior, are also based on the anime.[40]

A new seven part anime series called Pokemon: Twilight Wings began airing on YouTube in 2020.[41] The series was animated by Studio Colorido.[42]

Films

Main article: List of Pokemon films
Release timeline
1998Pokemon: The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back
1999Pokemon: The Movie 2000 - The Power of One
2000Pokemon 3: The Movie - Spell of the Unown
2001Pokemon 4Ever: Celebi - Voice of the Forest
2002Pokemon Heroes: Latios and Latias
2003Jirachi—Wish Maker
2004Destiny Deoxys
2005Lucario and the Mystery of Mew
2006Pokemon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea
2007The Rise of Darkrai
2008Giratina and the Sky Warrior
2009Arceus and the Jewel of Life
2010Zoroark—Master of Illusions
2011White—Victini and Zekrom
Black—Victini and Reshiram
2012Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice
2013Genesect and the Legend Awakened
2014Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction
2015Hoopa and the Clash of Ages
2016Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel
2017I Choose You!
2018The Power of Us
2019Mewtwo Strikes Back: Evolution
2020Coco

To date, there have been 23 animated theatrical Pokemon films (one in the making for July 2020[43]), which have been directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and Tetsuo Yajima, and distributed in Japan by Toho since 1998. The pair of films, Pokemon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom are considered together as one film. Collectibles, such as promotional trading cards, have been available with some of the films. Since the 20th film, the films have been set in an alternate continuity separate from the anime series.

List of Pokemon animated theatrical films

Pokemon: Original Series

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
1 Pokemon: The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back Mewtwo Strikes Back[44] (ミュウツーの逆襲, Myūtsū no Gyakushū) July 18, 1998 November 10, 1999
2 Pokemon: The Movie 2000 - The Power of One Mirage Pokemon: Lugia's Explosive Birth (幻のポケモン ルギア爆誕, Maboroshi no Pokemon Rugia Bakutan) July 17, 1999 July 21, 2000
3 Pokemon 3: The Movie - Spell of the Unown Emperor of The Crystal Tower: ENTEI (結晶塔の帝王 ENTEI, Kesshōtō no Teiō ENTEI) July 8, 2000 April 6, 2001
4 Pokemon 4Ever: Celebi - Voice of the Forest Celebi: The Meeting that Traversed Time (セレビィ 時を超えた遭遇（であい）, Serebyi Toki o Koeta Deai) July 7, 2001 October 11, 2002
5 Pokemon Heroes: Latios and Latias Guardian Gods of the Capital of Water: Latias and Latios (水の都の護神 ラティアスとラティオス, Mizu no Miyako no Mamorigami Ratiasu to Ratiosu) July 13, 2002 May 16, 2003

Pokemon: Advanced Generation

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
6 Jirachi—Wish Maker Wishing Star of the Seven Nights: Jirachi (七夜の願い星 ジラーチ, Nanayo no Negaiboshi Jirāchi) July 19, 2003 June 1, 2004
7 Destiny Deoxys Visitor from the Sky-Splitting: Deoxys (裂空の訪問者 デオキシス, Rekkū no Hōmonsha Deokishisu) July 17, 2004 January 22, 2005
8 Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Mew and the Aura Hero: Lucario (ミュウと波導（はどう）の勇者 ルカリオ, Myū to Hadō no Yūsha Rukario) July 16, 2005 September 19, 2006
9 Pokemon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea The Pokemon Ranger and the Prince of the Sea: Manaphy (ポケモンレンジャーと蒼海（うみ）の王子 マナフィ, Pokemon Renjā to Umi no Ōji Manafi) July 15, 2006 March 23, 2007

Pokemon: Diamond & Pearl

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
10 The Rise of Darkrai Dialga VS Palkia VS Darkrai (ディアルガVSパルキアVSダークライ, Diaruga Tai Parukia Tai Dākurai) July 14, 2007 February 24, 2008
11 Giratina and the Sky Warrior Giratina and the Bouquet of the Frozen Sky: Shaymin (ギラティナと氷空（そら）の花束 シェイミ, Giratina to Sora no Hanataba Sheimi) July 19, 2008 February 13, 2009
12 Arceus and the Jewel of Life Arceus: To Conquering Space-Time (アルセウス 超克の時空へ, Aruseusu Chōkoku no Jikū e) July 18, 2009 November 20, 2009
13 Zoroark—Master of Illusions Phantom Ruler: Zoroark (幻影の覇者 ゾロアーク, Gen'ei no Hasha Zoroāku) July 10, 2010 February 5, 2011

Pokemon: Black & White

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
14A White—Victini and Zekrom Victini and the Black Hero: Zekrom (ビクティニと黒き英雄ゼクロム, Bikutini to Kuroki Eiyū Zekuromu) July 16, 2011 December 10, 2011
14B Black—Victini and Reshiram Victini and the White Hero: Reshiram (ビクティニと白き英雄 レシラム, Bikutini to Shiroki Eiyū Reshiramu) July 16, 2011 December 10, 2011
15 Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Kyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo (キュレムVS聖剣士 ケルディオ, Kyuremu tai Seikenshi Kerudio) July 14, 2012 December 8, 2012
16 Genesect and the Legend Awakened ExtremeSpeed Genesect: Mewtwo Awakens (神速のゲノセクト ミュウツー覚醒, Shinsoku no Genosekuto Myūtsū Kakusei) July 13, 2013 October 19, 2013

Pokemon: XY

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
17 Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction (破壊の繭とディアンシー, Hakai no Mayu to Dianshī) July 19, 2014 November 8, 2014
18 Hoopa and the Clash of Ages The Archdjinni of the Rings: Hoopa (光輪の超魔神 フーパ, Ring no chōmajin Fūpa) July 18, 2015 December 19, 2015
19 Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Volcanion and the Exquisite Magearna (ボルケニオンと機巧のマギアナ, Borukenion to karakuri no Magiana) July 16, 2016 December 5, 2016

Pokemon: Sun & Moon (Alternate continuity)

A reboot to the film franchise began with the release of the 20th movie, Pokemon the Movie: I Choose You!, in Japan on July 15, 2017. It was followed by a continuation, Pokemon the Movie: The Power of Us, which was released in Japan on July 13, 2018.

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
20 I Choose You! I Choose You! (キミにきめた！, Kimi ni kimeta!) July 15, 2017 November 5, 2017
21 The Power of Us[45] Everyone's Story (みんなの物語, Minna no Monogatari) July 13, 2018 November 24, 2018
22 Mewtwo Strikes Back: Evolution Mewtwo Strikes Back:Evolution[46] (ミュウツーの逆襲 EVOLUTION, Myūtsū no Gyakushū EVOLUTION) July 12, 2019 TBA

Pocket Monsters (2019)

# English title Japanese title Japanese release date North American release date
23 TBA Pocket Monsters the Movie: Coco (劇場版ポケットモンスター ココ, Gekijō-ban Pokettomonsutā Koko) July 10, 2020[47][48] TBA

Live-action film

Main article: Detective Pikachu (film)

A live-action Pokemon film directed by Rob Letterman, produced by Legendary Entertainment,[49] and distributed in Japan by Toho and internationally by Warner Bros.[50] began filming in January 2018.[51] On August 24, the film's official title was announced as Pokemon Detective Pikachu.[52] It was released on May 10, 2019.[11] The film is based on the 2018 Nintendo 3DS spin-off video game Detective Pikachu.

Soundtracks

Main article: List of Pokemon theme songs

Pokemon CDs have been released in North America, some of them in conjunction with the theatrical releases of the first three and the 20th Pokemon films. These releases were commonplace until late 2001. On March 27, 2007, a tenth anniversary CD was released containing 18 tracks from the English dub; this was the first English-language release in over five years. Soundtracks of the Pokemon feature films have been released in Japan each year in conjunction with the theatrical releases. In 2017, a soundtrack album featuring music from the North American versions of the seventeenth through 20th movies was released.

Year Title
June 29, 1999[53] Pokemon 2.B.A. Master
November 9, 1999[54] Pokemon: The First Movie
February 8, 2000 Pokemon World
May 9, 2000 Pokemon: The First Movie Original Motion Picture Score
July 18, 2000 Pokemon: The Movie 2000
Unknown1 Pokemon: The Movie 2000 Original Motion Picture Score
January 23, 2001 Totally Pokemon
April 3, 2001 Pokemon 3: The Ultimate Soundtrack
October 9, 2001 Pokemon Christmas Bash
March 27, 2007 Pokemon X: Ten Years of Pokemon
November 12, 2013 Pokemon X & Pokemon Y: Super Music Collection
December 10, 2013 Pokemon FireRed & Pokemon LeafGreen: Super Music Collection
January 14, 2014 Pokemon HeartGold & Pokemon SoulSilver: Super Music Collection
February 11, 2014 Pokemon Ruby & Pokemon Sapphire: Super Music Collection
March 11, 2014 Pokemon Diamond & Pokemon Pearl: Super Music Collection
April 8, 2014 Pokemon Black & Pokemon White: Super Music Collection
May 13, 2014 Pokemon Black 2 & Pokemon White 2: Super Music Collection
December 21, 2014 Pokemon Omega Ruby & Pokemon Alpha Sapphire: Super Music Collection
April 27, 2016 Pokemon Red and Green Super Music Collection
November 30, 2016 Pokemon Sun & Pokemon Moon: Super Music Collection
December 23, 2017 Pokemon Movie Music Collection2

^ The exact date of release is unknown.

^ Featuring music from Pokemon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction, Pokemon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages, Pokemon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel, and Pokemon the Movie: I Choose You!

Pokemon Trading Card Game

Main article: Pokemon Trading Card Game
Palkia, the Spacial Pokemon Trading Card Game card from Pokemon TCG Diamond and Pearl.

The Pokemon Trading Card Game (TCG) is a collectible card game with a goal similar to a Pokemon battle in the video game series. Players use Pokemon cards, with individual strengths and weaknesses, in an attempt to defeat their opponent by "knocking out" their Pokemon cards.[55] The game was published in North America by Wizards of the Coast in 1999.[56] With the release of the Game Boy Advance video games Pokemon Ruby and Sapphire, the Pokemon Company took back the card game from Wizards of the Coast and started publishing the cards themselves.[56] The Expedition expansion introduced the Pokemon-e Trading Card Game, where the cards (for the most part) were compatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. Nintendo discontinued its production of e-Reader compatible cards with the release of FireRed and LeafGreen. In 1998, Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan; Pokemon Trading Card Game was subsequently released to the US and Europe in 2000. The game included digital versions cards from the original set of cards and the first two expansions (Jungle and Fossil), as well as several cards exclusive to the game. A sequel was released in Japan in 2001.[57]

Manga

Main article: List of Pokemon manga

There are various Pokemon manga series, four of which were released in English by Viz Media, and seven of them released in English by Chuang Yi. The manga series vary from game-based series to being based on the anime and the Trading Card Game. Original stories have also been published. As there are several series created by different authors, most Pokemon manga series differ greatly from each other and other media, such as the anime.[citation needed]Pokemon Pocket Monsters and Pokemon Adventures are the two manga in production since the first generation.

Manga released in English
Manga not released in English
  • Pokemon Pocket Monsters by Kosaku Anakubo, the first Pokemon manga. Chiefly a gag manga, it stars a Pokemon Trainer named Red, his rude Clefairy, and Pikachu.
  • Pokemon Card ni Natta Wake (How I Became a Pokemon Card) by Kagemaru Himeno, an artist for the Trading Card Game. There are six volumes and each includes a special promotional card. The stories tell the tales of the art behind some of Himeno's cards.
  • Pokemon Get aa ze! by Miho Asada
  • Pocket Monsters Chamo-Chamo ★ Pretty ♪ by Yumi Tsukirino, who also made Magical Pokemon Journey.
  • Pokemon Card Master
  • Pocket Monsters Emerald Chōsen!! Battle Frontier by Ihara Shigekatsu
  • Pocket Monsters Zensho by Satomi Nakamura
  • This list was truncated from 7 items.

Monopoly

A Pokemon-styled Monopoly board game was released in August 2014.[72]

Criticism and controversy

Morality and religious beliefs

Pokemon has been criticized by some fundamentalist Christians over perceived occult and violent themes and the concept of "Pokemon evolution", which they feel goes against the Biblical creation account in Genesis.[73]Sat2000, a satellite television station based in Vatican City, has countered that the Pokemon Trading Card Game and video games are "full of inventive imagination" and have no "harmful moral side effects".[74][75] In the United Kingdom, the "Christian Power Cards" game was introduced in 1999 by David Tate who stated, "Some people aren't happy with Pokemon and want an alternative, others just want Christian games." The game was similar to the Pokemon Trading Card Game but used Biblical figures.[76]

In 1999, Nintendo stopped manufacturing the Japanese version of the "Koga's Ninja Trick" trading card because it depicted a manji, a traditionally Buddhist symbol with no negative connotations. The Jewish civil rights group Anti-Defamation League complained because the symbol is the reverse of a swastika, a Nazi symbol. The cards were intended for sale in Japan only, but the popularity of Pokemon led to import into the United States with approval from Nintendo. The Anti-Defamation League understood that the issue symbol was not intended to offend and acknowledged the sensitivity that Nintendo showed by removing the product.[77][78]

In 1999, two nine-year-old boys from Merrick, New York sued Nintendo because they claimed the Pokemon Trading Card Game caused their problematic gambling.[79]

In 2001, Saudi Arabia banned Pokemon games and the trading cards, alleging that the franchise promoted Zionism by displaying the Star of David in the trading cards (a six-pointed star is featured in the card game) as well as other religious symbols such as crosses they associated with Christianity and triangles they associated with Freemasonry; the games also involved gambling, which is in violation of Muslim doctrine.[80][81]

Pokemon has also been accused of promoting materialism.[82]

Animal cruelty

In 2012, PETA criticized the concept of Pokemon as supporting cruelty to animals. PETA compared the game's concept, of capturing animals and forcing them to fight, to cockfights, dog fighting rings and circuses, events frequently criticized for cruelty to animals. PETA released a game spoofing Pokemon where the Pokemon battle their trainers to win their freedom.[83] PETA reaffirmed their objections in 2016 with the release of Pokemon Go, promoting the hashtag #GottaFreeThemAll.[84]

Health

Main article: Dennō Senshi Porygon
See also: Burger King Pokemon container recall

On December 16, 1997, more than 635 Japanese children were admitted to hospitals with epileptic seizures.[85] It was determined the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokemon "Dennō Senshi Porygon", (most commonly translated "Electric Soldier Porygon", season 1, episode 38); as a result, this episode has not been aired since. In this particular episode, there were bright explosions with rapidly alternating blue and red color patterns.[86] It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures, even if the person had no previous history of epilepsy.[87] This incident is a common focus of Pokemon-related parodies in other media, and was lampooned by The Simpsons episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo"[88] and the South Park episode "Chinpokomon",[89] among others.

Monster in My Pocket

In March 2000, Morrison Entertainment Group, a toy developer based at Manhattan Beach, California, sued Nintendo over claims that Pokemon infringed on its own Monster in My Pocket characters. A judge ruled there was no infringement and Morrison appealed the ruling. On February 4, 2003, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision by the District Court to dismiss the suit.[90]

Pokemon Go

See also: Pokemon Go § Criticism and incidents

Within its first two days of release, Pokemon Go raised safety concerns among players. Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted.[91]

Multiple police departments in various countries have issued warnings, some tongue-in-cheek, regarding inattentive driving, trespassing, and being targeted by criminals due to being unaware of one's surroundings.[92][93] People have suffered various injuries from accidents related to the game,[94][95][96][97] and Bosnian players have been warned to stay out of minefields left over from the 1990s Bosnian War.[98] On July 20, 2016, it was reported that an 18-year-old boy in Chiquimula, Guatemala was shot and killed while playing the game in the late evening hours. This was the first reported death in connection with the app. The boy's 17-year-old cousin, who was accompanying the victim, was shot in the foot. Police speculated that the shooters used the game's GPS capability to find the two.[99]

Cultural influence

All Nippon Airways Boeing 747-400 in Pokemon livery, dubbed a Pokemon Jet.

Pokemon, being a globally popular franchise, has left a significant mark on today's popular culture. The Pokemon characters have become pop culture icons; examples include two different Pikachu balloons in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Pokemon-themed airplanes operated by All Nippon Airways, merchandise items, and a traveling theme park that was in Nagoya, Japan in 2005 and in Taipei in 2006. Pokemon also appeared on the cover of the U.S. magazine Time in 1999.[100] The Comedy Central show Drawn Together has a character named Ling-Ling who is a parody of Pikachu.[101] Several other shows such as The Simpsons,[102]South Park[103] and Robot Chicken[104] have made references and spoofs of Pokemon, among other series. Pokemon was featured on VH1's I Love the '90s: Part Deux. A live action show based on the anime called Pokemon Live! toured the United States in late 2000.[105]Jim Butcher cites Pokemon as one of the inspirations for the Codex Alera series of novels.[106]

Pokemon has even made its mark in the realm of science. This includes animals named after Pokemon, such as Stentorceps weedlei (named after the Pokemon Weedle for its resemblance) and Chilicola Charizard Monckton (named after the Pokemon Charizard).[107] There is also a protein named after Pikachu, called Pikachurin.

In November 2001, Nintendo opened a store called the Pokemon Center in New York, in Rockefeller Center,[108] modeled after the two other Pokemon Center stores in Tokyo and Osaka and named after a staple of the video game series. Pokemon Centers are fictional buildings where Trainers take their injured Pokemon to be healed after combat.[109] The store sold Pokemon merchandise on a total of two floors, with items ranging from collectible shirts to stuffed Pokemon plushies.[110] The store also featured a Pokemon Distributing Machine in which players would place their game to receive an egg of a Pokemon that was being given out at that time. The store also had tables that were open for players of the Pokemon Trading Card Game to duel each other or an employee. The store was closed and replaced by the Nintendo World Store on May 14, 2005.[111] Four Pokemon Center kiosks were put in malls in the Seattle area.[112] The Pokemon Center online store was relaunched on August 6, 2014.[113]

Meitetsu 2200 series train Giratina & Shaymin.

Professor of Education Joseph Tobin theorizes that the success of the franchise was due to the long list of names that could be learned by children and repeated in their peer groups. Its rich fictional universe provides opportunities for discussion and demonstration of knowledge in front of their peers. The names of the creatures were linked to its characteristics, which converged with the children's belief that names have symbolic power. Children can pick their favourite Pokemon and affirm their individuality while at the same time affirming their conformance to the values of the group, and they can distinguish themselves from others by asserting what they liked and what they did not like from every chapter. Pokemon gained popularity because it provides a sense of identity to a wide variety of children, and lost it quickly when many of those children found that the identity groups were too big and searched for identities that would distinguish them into smaller groups.[114]

Shinkansen E3 Series train in Pokemon livery.

Pokemon's history has been marked at times by rivalry with the Digimon media franchise that debuted at a similar time. Described as "the other 'mon'" by IGN's Juan Castro, Digimon has not enjoyed Pokemon's level of international popularity or success, but has maintained a dedicated fanbase.[115] IGN's Lucas M. Thomas stated that Pokemon is Digimon's "constant competition and comparison", attributing the former's relative success to the simplicity of its evolution mechanic as opposed to Digivolution.[116] The two have been noted for conceptual and stylistic similarities by sources such as GameZone.[117] A debate among fans exists over which of the two franchises came first.[118] In actuality, the first Pokemon media, Pokemon Red and Green, were released initially on February 27, 1996;[119] whereas the Digimon virtual pet was released on June 26, 1997.

Fan community

While Pokemon's target demographic is children, early purchasers of Pokemon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were in their 20s.[120] Many fans are adults who originally played the games as children and had later returned to the series.[121]

Bulbapedia, a wiki-based encyclopedia[122] associated with longtime fan site Bulbagarden,[123][124] is the "Internet's most detailed Pokemon database project".[125]Jonathan Zarra created the location based chat app GoChat for Pokemon Go.[126]Another popular Pokemon news website is Serebii,[127] created by Joe Merrick in October 1999.[128]

A significant community around the Pokemon video games' metagame has existed for a long time, analyzing the best ways to use each Pokemon to their full potential in competitive battles. The most prolific competitive community is Smogon University, which has created a widely accepted tier-based battle system.[129] Smogon is affiliated with an online Pokemon game called Pokemon Showdown, in which players create a team and battle against other players around the world using the competitive tiers created by Smogon.[130]

In early 2014, an anonymous video streamer on Twitch launched Twitch Plays Pokemon, an experiment trying to crowdsource playing subsequent Pokemon games, starting with Pokemon Red.[131][132]

A challenge called the Nuzlocke Challenge was created in order for older players of the series to enjoy Pokemon again—but with a twist. The player is only allowed to capture the first Pokemon encountered in each area. If they do not succeed in capturing that Pokemon, there are no second chances. When a Pokemon faints, it is considered "dead" and must be released or stored in the PC permanently.[133] If the player faints, the game is considered over, and the player must restart.[134] The original idea consisted of 2 to 3 rules that the community has built upon. There are many fan made Pokemon games that contain a game mode similar to the Nuzlocke Challenge, such as Pokemon Uranium.[135]

A study at Stanford Neurosciences published in Nature performed magnetic resonance imaging scans of 11 Pokemon experts and 11 controls, finding that seeing Pokemon stimulated activity in the visual cortex, in a different place than is triggered by recognizing faces, places or words, demonstrating the brain's ability to create such specialized areas.[136]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Japanese: ポケモン Hepburn: Pokemon
  2. ^ Japanese: ポケットモンスター Hepburn: Poketto Monsutā

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External links

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